The International Journal of Agriculture and Earth Science (IJAES) is committed to maintaining transparency, fairness, and integrity throughout the research, peer-review, and publication process. Authors, reviewers, editors, and other individuals involved in the publication process should disclose any conflict of interest that may affect, or may reasonably appear to affect, their objectivity or judgment.

What Is a Conflict of Interest?

A conflict of interest may arise when an individual's personal, professional, financial, academic, or other interests could influence their judgment or create a reasonable perception of bias in relation to a manuscript or publication decision.

Roles and Responsibilities

Authors

Authors should disclose relevant conflicts of interest associated with their manuscript, including, where applicable:

• Research funding or grants
• Financial relationships or support
• Paid consultancies or advisory roles
• Professional or institutional relationships
• Other interests that could reasonably be perceived as influencing the research or its presentation

Where no relevant conflict exists, authors should provide a clear Conflict of Interest declaration stating this. Authors should provide this declaration at the time of manuscript submission.

Reviewers

Reviewers should disclose any circumstance that could create an actual or perceived conflict in relation to a manuscript they are invited to review. This may include, for example, a recent collaboration, a close personal relationship, or a competing professional interest with the author.

A reviewer should not participate in the review where a conflict could compromise, or reasonably appear to compromise, the impartiality of the evaluation.

Reviewers must maintain the confidentiality of manuscripts and should not use information obtained through peer review for personal, professional, or other advantage.

Editors and Editorial Team

Editors and members of the editorial team should identify and disclose relevant conflicts that could affect their editorial judgment.

Where a conflict exists, the editor should, where appropriate, recuse themselves from handling the manuscript, and appropriate arrangements may be made to ensure that the manuscript is handled independently and objectively.

Disclosure and Transparency

Conflict-of-interest disclosures should be made accurately at the appropriate stage of the submission or publication process.

Disclosure enables IJAES to assess relevant circumstances and, where necessary, take appropriate measures to protect the fairness, independence, and integrity of editorial and peer-review decisions.

Undisclosed Conflicts

If a relevant conflict of interest is identified after submission or publication, IJAES may review the circumstances and request clarification or an appropriate disclosure from the individuals concerned.

Where necessary, IJAES may take further action in accordance with its applicable editorial and publication policies.

Responsibility

Authors, reviewers, editors, and other relevant participants share responsibility for providing complete and truthful disclosures of conflicts of interest.

Policy Review

IJAES may review and update this policy periodically to ensure that it remains consistent with recognized standards and responsible practices in scholarly publishing.